Groups at increased risk of B12 deficiency include: Vegans and strict vegetarians , who avoid all animal products and are at significant risk without supplementation or fortified foods Older adults , in whom reduced stomach acid production impairs B12 absorption People with pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition that destroys intrinsic factor-producing cells Those who have undergone gastric surgery , including bariatric procedures, which can reduce intrinsic factor availability Individuals taking long-term metformin for type 2 diabetes, as this medication is associated with reduced B12 absorption the MHRA has issued specific safety advice on monitoring B12 levels in this group [6] [7] People with conditions affecting the small intestine , such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease Symptoms of B12 deficiency can include fatigue, weakness, pins and needles, memory difficulties, and a sore or inflamed tongue (glossitis)

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The effects of a single B12 injection typically last one to two weeks, though this varies depending on your baseline levels, metabolism, and overall health
These include: Increased energy levels and reduced fatigue Improved memory, concentration, and mood Healthy red blood cell production Prevention of nerve damage Support for healthy skin, hair, and nails Boosted immune system function
Leake, D
Are Vitamin Injections Painful