In brief, berberine can reduce anti-apoptotic factors (Bax/bcl-2, caspase), autophagy related proteins (IL-3, Beclin, etc.), A pathology, and activate PI3K-AKT and other signaling pathways, and then produce neuroprotective effect (Figure 1)
Its less useful if your only goal is to assign causality to one pathway with high confidence
A blend weighted heavily toward GHK-Cu suggests a design centered on collagen and repair-related signaling, while the inclusion of KPV points toward added interest in inflammatory regulation
In a Dutch study ATD were discontinued after a median treatment duration of 3.5 years (range, 2 to 11): during a median follow-up period of 5 years (range, 1 to 14) recurrent Graves' hyperthyroidism occurred in 37% (easily managed with 131 I), without a relapse of GO [43]
In the astaxanthin glutathione debate, consider how each contributes unique advantages that cater to different health needs
What's better: glutathione pills or IV therapy