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J Biol Chem, 1998
Short-term water retention, digestion, sodium intake, menstrual cycles, physical activity, and other factors can also affect scale readings
Such multifaceted benefits have expanded GLP-1RAs therapeutic scope to neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and chronic kidney disease, etc

mechanism unexplained Relative contributions of direct peptide effects versus downstream IGF-1 actions inadequately characterized Long-term receptor sensitivity and potential for desensitization inadequately studied Individual patient variability in response not well-characterized Potential for differential effects based on endogenous growth hormone status unclear Long-Term Safety Considerations Critical safety questions remain unanswered regarding chronic peptide administration: Cardiovascular safety concerns FDA warnings cite risks of increased heart rate, systemic vasodilation, flushing, and transient hypotension Immunogenicity risks FDA identifies both peptides as potentially immunogenic with risk of serious immune reactions including anaphylaxis Cancer risk theoretical concern that chronic growth hormone/IGF-1 elevation could promote cellular proliferation

Semaglutide also has a longer half-life than the older GLP-1s and may have a stronger effect on receptors in the brain, which could help explain the difference in findings, Moreno adds